Kamis, 05 Mei 2011

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
Analyzing Baby Talk

by :



Aprita Sari
0713042015


I. INTRODUCTION

Baby Talk
Baby talk referred to as caretaker speech, infant-directed speech or child-directed speech and informally as "motherese", "parentese", or "mommy talk", is a nonstandard form of speech used by adults in talking to toddlers and infants. It is usually delivered with a "cooing" pattern of intonation different from that of normal adult speech: high in pitch, with many glissando variations that are more pronounced than those of normal speech. Baby talk is also characterized by the shortening and simplifying of words. Baby talk is similar to what is used by people when talking to their pets (pet-directed speech), and between adults as a form of affection, intimacy, bullying or condescension.

In this paper, I will analyze baby talk and the input of modifications from the conversation between a baby and adult. I recorded a video, which contain of conversation between a baby (three years old) and adult. In this video there is a baby named Dinda. She is a daughter of Mr. Agus and Mrs. Sri. She is 3 years old. In this video, we can hear Dinda’s interaction. She talked with her cousin, Ita. She is 22 years old. Here are the conversation scripts.


II. DIALOGUE TRANSCRIPTION

Ita : mbak Ita punya mainan lho dinda… ( sambil menunjukkan mainan orang – orangan yang terbuat dari
kertas)
Dinda : iya...
Ita : mbak guntingin ya..sini digunting...
Dinda : iya..nih... .
Ita : dek Dimas lg ngapain?
Dinda : duduk...
Ita : tadi katanya bobok?
Dinda : ngga...

Ita : lagi ngapain dong dek dimas?
Dinda : duduk...
Ita : duduk dimana?
Dinda : di dapur...
Ita : ngapain duduk didapur?
Dinda : makan cingkong...
Ita : makan ap?
Dinda : cingkong...
Ita : makan singkong??
Dinda : he..eh...
Ita : nanti Dinda dateng ngga tempat dek Atha?
Dinda : dateng nanti...
Ita : sama siapa?
Dinda : sama mama...
Ita : terus sama siapa lagi?
Dinda : Dimas, bagas, papa...
Ita : semua ikut dong...
Dinda : iya...
Ita : nih mainannya udah digunting. Pernah ngga Dinda maenan ini?
Dinda : ngga pernah...
Ita : tau ga cara mainnya?
Dinda : ngga tau...
Ita : gini caranya...ini baju dipasang di leher...tuh bagus kan...
Dinda : iya...
Ita : tadi dinda ke pasar beli apa?
Dinda : beli sayur...
Ita : terus beli apa lagi?
Dinda : cabe...
Ita : dinda bisa ngga bantu mama masak?
Dinda : ngga bisa...
Ita : bagus ngga mainannya?
Dinda : bagus...
Ita : Dinda kalo bobo jm berapa?
Dinda : jm 3...
Ita : mas Bagas mana?
Dinda : maen...
Ita : sama siapa?
Dinda : Kiki...

Ita : kok Dinda ga ikut?
Dinda : ngga...
Ita : kenapa ga ikut?
Dinda : ga boleh sama mama...
Ita : kenapa ga boleh?
Dinda : ngga tau...
Ita : karna panas ya?
Dinda : iya...
Ita : Dinda semalem maen bola lagi ngga?
Dinda : ngga...
Ita : jatoh dek dimas gara-gara Dinda.
Dinda : hehehe...
Ita : masa suruh nyundul bola...jatoh lah...
Dinda : hehehe...
Ita : dek Dimas kan masih kecil.
Dinda : iya...
Ita : dek Dimas di rumah senengnya maen apa?
Dinda : maen bola...
Ita : terus apa lagi?
Dinda : udah...
Ita : terus maen apa lagi?
Dinda : maen capu...
Ita : maen sapu?
Dinda : iya...
Ita : kalo Dinda suka nyapu ngga?
Dinda : ngga...
Ita : di hp mb ada foto dinda.
Dinda : mana?
Ita : ini...nih...
Dinda : iya...
Ita : kok ga nyari mas ardi?
Dinda : mana?
Ita : Mas Ardi bobok...
Dinda : bobok ya..
Ita : Iya...
Dinda : ini baju...
Ita : iya baju...warnanya apa?
Dinda :merah...
Ita : paling suka baju mana?
Dinda : yang ini...
Ita : iya..,Dinda sekolahnya kapan?
Dinda : belum...
Ita : kapan mau sekolah?
Dinda : nanti...
Ita : mau sekolah dimana?
Dinda : tempat mas Bagas.
Ita : dimana sekolah mas Bagas?
Dinda : jauh...

Ita : Dinda takut ngga samaboneka monyet?
Dinda : takut...
Ita : kenapa? Mbak ambilin ya...
Dinda : ngga lah,takut...
Ita : yang ga takut yang mana?
Dinda : yang itu...
Ita : yang di pojok ya?
Dinda : iya...
Ita : Dinda....Dinda.... ( sambil memainkan boneka monyet )
Dinda : aaaaaaaaaa...takuuut...
Ita : ngga gigit kok monyet nya....
Dinda : ngga mau, takut...
Ita : boneka yang ini aja ya...nih...
Dinda : boneka meong...
Ita : eh, Dinda, maem yuk... udah maem belum?
Dinda : ngga,udah..
Ita : makan apa?
Dinda : sayur...
Ita : Dinda udah mandi?
Dinda : udah...
Ita : Dinda, ambilin dong guntingnya.
Dinda : nih..
Ita : bisa ngga motong sendiri?
Dinda : ngga bisa...











III. DISCUSSION

Analyzing baby talk
From that video, which shows the conversation between Dinda and Ita, first, we can analyze the baby ( Dinda ) characteristics when she talked to adult.
1. Dinda used short and simple word to communicate. She used about one or two word sentences. For example, iya, ngga, belum, ngga tau, ngga mau, lagi duduk, makan singkong, di dapur, maen bola, dateng nanti.
2. Besides that, from the conversation, we can see that in her age, Dinda has already understood what the the adult says or asks to her. It is shown by her response when she talked or communicated with Ita.
3. She also could answer the simple open-ended question which require more than “yes” or “no” answers.
For example: Ita : Dinda, maem yuk.. udah maem belum?
Dinda : ngga, udah (tidak mau, sudah)
4. Then, Dinda could process fairly short or concise instructions from the adult.
For example: when Ita asked Dinda to take a scissors, she took it.

From adult’s side, Ita, we can also analyze her characteristics when she communicated or talked with the baby.
1. The adult tried to communicated with Dinda in short, simple and clear terms in order to make Irja understand easily. For example, adek lagi ngapain? ngapain di dapur? Dinda sekolah kapan? mau sekolah dimana?
2. The adult sometimes could not get what Dinda said. The adult asked Dinda once again to know what she said. So, as an adult we should use patience when the baby is trying to say something you do not understand. If the child tries several times to communicate something to you and you still do not understand, ask them to show them what they mean. For example : when Ita asked, “makan apa?singkong??”
3. Besides that, we can also analyze that Ita tried to attract Dinda’s attention when Ita began to communicate with her. She showed a toy to her. This helped her heard what the adult were saying, and helped her learnt to pay attention when others talked to her. Besides that, the adult was kneeling or sitting on a low while talking to Dinda because getting down to his level to talk face-to-face with the baby will also get his attention, and indicate that you are interested in her and in what she has to say.
4. Then, the adult encouraged Dinda to talk by asking open-ended questions, which require more than “yes” or “no” answer, for example, bisa ngga motong sendiri? dinda ngga ikut maen?, kenapa, panas ya?





Analyzing input of modifications from the conversation in the video
Besides that, from that video, we can analyze the input of modifications which appear in the conversation between the baby and adult. In analyzing the input of modification, we consider that the adult as the native speaker and Dinda as the nonnative speaker.
1. Modification in speech rate, intonation, and speech sound articulation. In the conversation between Dinda and the adult, we can see that there are some modification in speech rate, intonation, and speech sound articulation. The adult talked to Dinda in slower rate of speech. The adult also exaggerated the intonation, used fewer contractions of verb phrase and more careful articulation.
For example: Adult: ya baju.. apa warna bajunya?
When the adult said this sentence, she exaggerated the intonation, and more careful articulation.
The other example is when the adult said, “nih cara mainnya, baju dipasang dileher, tuh jadi kan..”. The adult said in the slower rate of speech and used fewer contractions of verb phrase.
2. Modification of morphology and syntax
We also can find some modification of morphology and syntax in the conversation between Dinda and adult. We can see it in that video that the adult used simple sentences with simple grammatical structure in their conversation with the baby.
For example : “bagus ngga?”
In that sentence, Ita used simple sentence with the simple grammatical. The sentence must be: “Bagaimana mainannya? bagus atau tidak?” But she simplified it became “bagus ngga?” in order to make Dinda easier to understand the sentence.
3. Modification in vocabulary
There are also some modification in vocabulary that we can find in the conversation between Dinda and Ita. We can see that Ita used less varied of vocabulary to talk to Dinda. It is the less number of vocabulary then they usually used to talk to the adult.
For example: “Dinda udah mandi?”
From that sentence, we can see that Ita used less vocabulary. The complete sentence should be “Dinda sudah mandi atau belum?

IV. CONCLUSION

We can conclude that a baby (three years old) communicate with a combination of gestures and grunts, used short and simple word to communicate, usually used one until three word sentences. They already can understand what the other persons say or ask him. It is shown by her response when she talked or communicated with the adult. In this age, they also can answer the simple question and do what the adult instruct them to do.
From the adult’s side, we can also conclude that adult can interact with the baby (in this case three years old) by talking with and listening to them. Adult usually use short, simple and clear terms to communicate with them in order to make them understand easily. The adult also should get the baby attention when they want to talk with them. It could be done by getting down to his level to talk face-to-face with them, showing a thing to them when they want to talk about that thing, and using gesture. This will help them hear what the adults are saying, and help him learned to pay attention when others talked to them. Next, the adults can encourage the baby to talk by asking open-ended questions, which require more than “yes” or “no” answers. Through these daily interactions, the baby and adults can develop relationships that help the baby to learn about themselves and the world. Besides that, there are some inputs of modification such as, modification in speech rate, intonation, and speech sound articulation, modification of morphology and syntax, and modification in vocabulary that usually appear in the conversation between adult and baby, in which the adult is like the native speaker and baby is like nonnative speaker. The adult use some input of modification to make the baby easily to understand and get the message from the conversation.
Adults who care for children have a responsibility to create and maintain positive and healthy relationships with them. One of the most practical and mutually rewarding ways to achieve this goal is through positive communication.

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