Ratih Septiana Putri
0813042043
English Education Department 2008 Reg.
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
BABY TALK
Chapter I
Introduction
1. Definition of Baby Talk
Baby talk, also referred to as caretaker speech, infant-directed talk (IDT) or child-directed speech (CDS) and informally as "motherese", "parentese", or "mommy talk", is a nonstandard form of speech used by adults in talking to toddlers and infants. It is usually delivered with a "cooing" pattern of intonation different from that of normal adult speech. Baby talk is also characterized by the shortening and simplifying of words.
2. How do Children Acquire the Language
Children acquire language quickly, easily, and without effort or formal teaching. It happens automatically, whether their parents try to teach them or not.
Although parents or other caretakers don't teach their children to speak, they do perform an important role by talking to their children. Children who are never spoken to will not acquire language. And the language must be used for interaction with the child; for example, a child who regularly hears language on the TV or radio but nowhere else will not learn to talk.
Although parents or other caretakers don't teach their children to speak, they do perform an important role by talking to their children. Children who are never spoken to will not acquire language. And the language must be used for interaction with the child; for example, a child who regularly hears language on the TV or radio but nowhere else will not learn to talk.
Children acquire language through interaction - not only with their parents and other adults, but also with other children. All normal children who grow up in normal households, surrounded by conversation, will acquire the language that is being used around them. And it is just as easy for a child to acquire two or more languages at the same time, as long as they are regularly interacting with speakers of those languages.
The special way in which many adults speak to small children also helps them to acquire language. Studies show that the 'baby talk' that adults naturally use with infants and toddlers tends to always be just a bit ahead of the level of the child's own language development, as though pulling the child along. This 'baby talk' has simpler vocabulary and sentence structure than adult language, exaggerated intonation and sounds, and lots of repetition and questions. All of these features help the child to sort out the meanings, sounds, and sentence patterns of his or her language.
Chapter II
This chapter provides the transcription of baby talk that was recorded by the writer. The participants in this video are grandfather and his grandson. The baby’s name is Jati. He is 4 years old. This video was recorded on Saturday, April 23th 2011 in their house when they was watching television .
Transcription
Mbah : “ Jati, sudah mandi belum …? ( Intonation flat )
Jati : … ( Jati kept watching television and did not answer )
Mbah : “ Jati … , ditanyain kok diem aja … sudah mandi apa belum ? ” ( intonation up )
Jati : “ … dah ” ( Jati answered slowly )
Mbah : “ Apa ? Jati belum mandi ?? “ ( intonation up )
Jati : “ udah ... embah … “ (Jati answered loudly )
Mbah : “ Kapan ?
Jati : “ emmm … “ ( Jati confused )
Mbah : “ Kok bingung ? Jati kapan mandinyaa … ? Tadi pagi apa kemaren ? “
( intonation up )
Jati : “ tadi … eh … tadi pa…gi “
Mbah : “ Iyatah ? Kok idungnya masih adaa ?
Jati : “ Idung nya sapa ? “
Mbah : “ Idungnya Jati lah, masa idungnya embah … Ha ha ha “
Jati : “ … kan mandi … pake sabun embaaah “
Mbah : “ Lha iya , coba liat idung Jati masih ada enggak sekarang … “ ( intonation up )
Jati : “ … masih … kok … ini “ ( Jati pointed his nose )
Mbah : “ Ooo… iyaa, masih ada yaa … kirain ilang idungnya … Ha ha ha “
Jati : “ … apalah embah ini … hee “ ( Jati laughed )
Mbah : “ Itu giginya Jati kenapa ? “ ( Mbah pointed Jati’s teeth )
Jati : “ … “
Mbah : “ Ya, Jati giginya kenapaa … ? “( intonation up )
Jati : “ … kata bunda…sering makan permen … “
Mbah : “ Ooo…karena sering makan permen jadi giginya gupis yaa ? ” ( intonation up )
Jati : “ … gupi itu apa… mbah ? ”
Mbah : “ Gupis, bukan gupi … “
Jati : “ … iyaa… gu…pii “
Mbah : “ Gu … ( intonation up ) pis … coba … ” ( intonation up )
Jati : “ gu… pii…s… gupis
Mbah : “ Naa , itu baru bener … jati gupis , HA HA HA …
Jati : “ … gupis … itu apa mbah … ”
Mbah : “ Gupis ituu. .. giginya keropos, kebanyakan makan permen, terus jarang sikat gigi “
Jati : “ … Kero… apa mbah ? ”
Mbah : “ Kero…pos…,keropos itu giginya rusak… coba Jati ngomong keropos …
Jati : “… ke..ro…kero…
Mbah : “ Kero … ( Intonation up ) … pos “ ( Intonation down )
Jati : “… kero…pos “
Mbah : “ Iya betul begitu , keropos , “
Jati : “ Keropos … heehee ( Jati laughed )
CHAPTER III
In this chapter, the writer will analyze the video that has been transcript in the previous chapter. According to the transcription, it is true that when a person talks to a baby, they automatically use different kind of language variation, which is called by baby talk. It is universal. Meaning, every adult in the world will do the same to their own baby.
In the video, we can see that the adult modify his way of speaking when grandfather is talking to the baby. From the dialog above, we can see there are some characteristics that match with characteristics summarized by Pica :
1. It has shorter, more complete sentence.
It can be seen in the dialogue :
- · Mbah : “ Jati, sudah mandi belum …? ( Intonation flat )
Jati : … ( Jati kept watching television and did not answer )
Mbah : “ Jati … , ditanyain kok diem aja … sudah mandi apa belum ? ”
( intonation up )
The first sentence is short sentence, then the second is more complete sentence. It is done in order to make the children easier to understand what he was being said.
2. The syntax is simplified through use of fewer subordinate clauses and coordinate
2. The syntax is simplified through use of fewer subordinate clauses and coordinate
construction.
It can be seen in the dialogue :
It can be seen in the dialogue :
- · Mbah : “ Jati, sudah mandi belum …? ( Intonation flat )
Jati : … ( Jati kept watching television and did not answer )
Mbah : “ Apa ? Jati belum mandi ?? “ ( intonation up )
Jati : “ udah ... embah … “ (Jati answered loudly )
Mbah : “ Kapan ?
Jati : “ emmm … “ ( Jati confused )
It can be seen from the dialog, that Embah is often use complex sentence to talk with Jati.
3. The vocal pitch was higher and its range was wider
It can be seen in the dialogue :
· Mbah : “ Gu … ( intonation up ) pis … coba … ” ( intonation up )
Jati : “ gu… pii…s… gupis
Mbah : “ Kero … ( Intonation up ) … pos “ ( Intonation down )
Jati : “… kero…pos “
It can be clearly seen from dialog above. Embah usually use more intonation in the each vocal than in conversation with adult.
4. The speaking rate was slower, marked by many pauses between utterances
It can be seen from the dialogue, that Embah’s speaking rate was slower than usual, and he also repeat in order to help Jati understand what he mean.
It can be seen from the dialogue, that Embah’s speaking rate was slower than usual, and he also repeat in order to help Jati understand what he mean.
· Mbah : “ Apa ? Jati … belum mandi ?? “ ( intonation up )
Jati : “ udah ... embah … “ (Jati answered loudly )
Mbah : “ Ka…pan ?
Jati : “ emmm … “ ( Jati confused )
Mbah : “ Kok bingung… ? Jati kapan mandinyaa … ? Tadi pagi… apa kemaren ? “
( Intonation up )
Jati : “ tadi … eh … tadi pa…gi “
5. The articulation was more precise.
It can be seen from dialog and, that Embah’s articulation is very clear in order to be understood easily by Jati.
· Mbah : “ Gupis ituu. .. giginya keropos, kebanyakan makan permen, terus jarang sikatgigi… “
Jati : “ … Kero… apa mbah ? ”
Mbah : “ Kero…pos…,keropos itu giginya rusak… coba Jati ngomong keropos …
Jati : “… ke..ro…kero…
Mbah : “ Kero … ( Intonation up ) … pos “ ( Intonation down )
Jati : “… kero…pos “
Mbah : “ Iya betul begitu , keropos , “
Jati : “ Keropos … heehee ( Jati laughed )
6. Attention to the here and now.
It can be seen from the dialog , Embah asked Jati about his nose that can be seen by Jati directly.
· Mbah : “ Lha iya , coba liat idung Jati masih ada enggak sekarang …“ (intonation up )
Jati : “ … masih … kok … ini “ ( Jati pointed his nose )
Mbah : “ Ooo… iyaa, masih ada yaa … kirain ilang idungnya … Ha ha ha “
Jati : “ … apalah embah ini … hee “ ( Jati laughed )
7. The use of self reference
It can be seen from the dialogue, ‘giginya Jati’ is self reference.
· Mbah : “ Itu giginya Jati kenapa ? “ ( Mbah pointed Jati’s teeth )
Jati : “ … “
Mbah : “ Ya, Jati giginya kenapaa … ? “( intonation up )
Jati : “ … kata bunda…sering makan permen … “
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
From the analysis above, it can be conclude that about 90 % of the characteristics summarized by Pica can be found in the dialog. It was done naturally by the adult when speak with a child in order to help the child easier to understand what he mean. So, the characteristic summarized by Pica is definitely true.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar