Negotiation of Meaning

ASSIGNMENT OF SLA

(Negotiation of Meaning)

BY

Rizka Amalia

(0713042010)

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

TEACHER TRAINING EDUCATION FACULTY

LAMPUNG UNIVERSITY

2011

Background

Negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addresses to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocutors.

In this case, when native speakers (NSs) and non native speaker (NNSs) are involved in an interaction, both interact ants work together to solve any potential misunderstanding or non understanding that occurs, by checking each others’ comprehension, requesting clarification and confirmation and by repairing and adjusting speech Pica, 1998).

Varonis and Gass (1985) proposed a simpler model for the exchanges that create negotiation of meaning. The model consists of four primes called:

1.      Trigger (T) which invokes or stimulates incomplete understanding on the part of the hearer.

2.      Indicator (I) which is the hearer’s signal of incomplete understanding.

3.      Response (R) is the original speaker’s attempt to clear up the unaccepted-input.

4.      Reaction to the response (RR), which is an element that signals either the hearer’s acceptance or continued difficulty with the speaker’s repair. The model was elaborated into the following figure and the excerpt that follows:

Trigger                              Resolution

The model contains two components: the trigger component (T) and the resolution component. The resolution contains three elements:

• Indicator (I)
• Response (R)
• Reaction to Response (RR)

A trigger is defined as an utterance or portion of utterance on the part of the speaker, which results in some indication of non-understanding on the part of hearer.

The two models by Pica and Doughty (1985) and Gass and Varonis (1985) have stimulated some researchers to investigate he relationship between communication tasks and the patterns of interaction which have resulted from the activities.

Pica et al (1989) suggest that of negotiation of meaning basically consist of four interrelated moves. The moves are Trigger, signal, response, and follow-up moves.

There are two elements of negotiation of meaning:

Ø  Indicator

Indicator includes clarification request, confirmation request with trigger unmodified, confirmation request with trigger modified, non verbal indicator.

Ø  Response

The response includes switch to a new topic, repetition of trigger, modification of trigger, repetition of indicator, confirm or negate indicator, inability to respond, ignore indicator, response unnecessary.

The examples Negotiation of Meaning

NS       : (Pause) what do you play at home..

  (Pause) what do you play

NNS    : mmmmmmm kinds of play right?

NS       : what  er kinds of play do you play

NNS    : eeeeee volley ball

NS       : Mhmmmmmm

NNS    : and (smile) I play volley ball in home and sometimes in my school and eee not more

NS       : mmmmm do you like eee what is.. volley ball in school do you like playing volley ball?

NNS    : (Pause)

NS       : Do you like playing volley ball in school?

NNS    : OHHH…. Yess of course

NS       : I mean when you play about er.. I don’t know

NNS    : Ball

NS       : volley ball yess…

NNS    : oh yes I play it

NS       : do you like it?

NNS    : No (laugh)

Note:   NS (native speaker)

            NNS ( nonnative speaker)

From the conversation between NS and NNS we can make the conclusion if the conversation dominant role of the native speaker and the appearance of ‘inferiority’ of the nonnative speaker. The NS also controls almost all the turns, while the NNS struggles to understand the NS’s question and to choose an appropriate word for the idea.

ASSIGNMENT OF SLA

(Negotiation of Meaning)

BY

Rizka Amalia

(0713042010)

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

TEACHER TRAINING EDUCATION FACULTY

LAMPUNG UNIVERSITY

2011

Background

Negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addresses to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocutors.

In this case, when native speakers (NSs) and non native speaker (NNSs) are involved in an interaction, both interact ants work together to solve any potential misunderstanding or non understanding that occurs, by checking each others’ comprehension, requesting clarification and confirmation and by repairing and adjusting speech Pica, 1998).

Varonis and Gass (1985) proposed a simpler model for the exchanges that create negotiation of meaning. The model consists of four primes called:

1.      Trigger (T) which invokes or stimulates incomplete understanding on the part of the hearer.

2.      Indicator (I) which is the hearer’s signal of incomplete understanding.

3.      Response (R) is the original speaker’s attempt to clear up the unaccepted-input.

4.      Reaction to the response (RR), which is an element that signals either the hearer’s acceptance or continued difficulty with the speaker’s repair. The model was elaborated into the following figure and the excerpt that follows:

Trigger                              Resolution

The model contains two components: the trigger component (T) and the resolution component. The resolution contains three elements:

• Indicator (I)
• Response (R)
• Reaction to Response (RR)

A trigger is defined as an utterance or portion of utterance on the part of the speaker, which results in some indication of non-understanding on the part of hearer.

The two models by Pica and Doughty (1985) and Gass and Varonis (1985) have stimulated some researchers to investigate he relationship between communication tasks and the patterns of interaction which have resulted from the activities.

Pica et al (1989) suggest that of negotiation of meaning basically consist of four interrelated moves. The moves are Trigger, signal, response, and follow-up moves.

There are two elements of negotiation of meaning:

Ø  Indicator

Indicator includes clarification request, confirmation request with trigger unmodified, confirmation request with trigger modified, non verbal indicator.

Ø  Response

The response includes switch to a new topic, repetition of trigger, modification of trigger, repetition of indicator, confirm or negate indicator, inability to respond, ignore indicator, response unnecessary.

The examples Negotiation of Meaning

NS       : (Pause) what do you play at home..

  (Pause) what do you play

NNS    : mmmmmmm kinds of play right?

NS       : what  er kinds of play do you play

NNS    : eeeeee volley ball

NS       : Mhmmmmmm

NNS    : and (smile) I play volley ball in home and sometimes in my school and eee not more

NS       : mmmmm do you like eee what is.. volley ball in school do you like playing volley ball?

NNS    : (Pause)

NS       : Do you like playing volley ball in school?

NNS    : OHHH…. Yess of course

NS       : I mean when you play about er.. I don’t know

NNS    : Ball

NS       : volley ball yess…

NNS    : oh yes I play it

NS       : do you like it?

NNS    : No (laugh)

Note:   NS (native speaker)

            NNS ( nonnative speaker)

From the conversation between NS and NNS we can make the conclusion if the conversation dominant role of the native speaker and the appearance of ‘inferiority’ of the nonnative speaker. The NS also controls almost all the turns, while the NNS struggles to understand the NS’s question and to choose an appropriate word for the idea.