LINDA SEPTIYANA (ANALYSIS OF BABY TALK)

Second Language Acquisition Assignment

(BABY TALK)

Arraged by:

LINDA SEPTIYANA (0813042035)

English Department ( S1 Regular )

  

ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

THE FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

LAMPUNG UNIVERSITY

2011

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter I Introduction    …………………………………………1

Chapter II Theoretical Framework   …………………………….. 2

Chapter III Data Collecting Technique   ……………………….....4

3.1 Video 1    ……..………………………….....………….…...4

3.2 Video 2    ……..……………………...…………………..…6

 3.3  Video3    …………………………………………………..8

Chapter IV Result and Discussion………………………….……13
Chapter V Conclusion    ………………………………………..14

I. INTRODUCTION

Language is a means of communication. Language is taught to a person since she/he was a baby. Language that is learnt at the first time is called as the first language , native language or mother tongue. There is a distinction between language learning and language acquisition. Language learning is defined as knowing the rules, having a conscious knowledge about grammar. In the other hand, the term of language acquisition refers to a process of a development of ability in a language by using I in natural, communicative situation.

Language development is a process starting early in human life, when a person begins to acquire language by learning it as it is spoken and by mimicry (Jimmy Wales, Wiipedia). Children’s language development moves from simple to complex. Baby talk contributes to mental development, as it helps teach the child the basic function and structure of language. Usually, language starts off all recall of simple words without associated meaning, but as children grow, words acquire meaning, with connections between words being formed. As a person get older, new meaning and new associations are created and vocabulary increases  as more words  are learned. The children learn their first language without conscious instruction from parents or caretakers. They learn their first language through some developmental stages. Those stages later will be discussed in this paper.

II.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Concept of Baby Talk

Baby talk also referred to as caretaker speech, infant-directed speech (IDS) or child-directed speech (CDS) and informally as "motherese", "parentese", or "mommy talk", is a nonstandard form of speech used by adults in talking to toddlers and infants. It is usually delivered with a "cooing" pattern of intonation different from that of normal adult speech: high in pitch, with many glissando variations that are more pronounced than those of normal speech. Baby talk is also characterized by the shortening and simplifying of words. Baby talk is similar to what is used by people when talking to their pets (pet-directed speech), and between adults as a form of affection, intimacy, bullying or condescension.

Based on Pica, the characteristics of baby talk are summarized below:

1.      It has shorter, more complete sentence.

2.      The syntax is simplified through use of fewer subordinate clauses and coordinates construction.

3.      The vocal pitch was higher and its range was wider.

4.      The speaking rate was slower, marked by many pauses between utterances, but fewer dysfluencies within them.

5.      The articulation was more precise, with more audible distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants such as t and d.

6.      Phonological features were simplified, for instance in the use of tummy for stomach

7.      Attention to the here and now. The use of present tense verbs and reference to concrete  items within the child’s view,

8.      The use of self reference through kinship terms instead of pronouns.

Possible purposes of baby talk are:

A. Use with infants

Baby talk is more effective than regular speech in getting an infant's attention. Studies have shown that infants actually prefer to listen to this type of speech. Some researchers, including Rima Shore (1997), believe that baby talk is an important part of the emotional bonding process between the parents and their child that help the infants learn the language. More than one language can also be learned because eventually, the child will be clever enough to differentiate the languages. It is easier to learn languages as an infant than as an adult. Other researchers from Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Wisconsin confirm that using basic “baby talk” helps babies pick up words faster than usual. Infants actually pay more attention when parents use infant-directed language, which has a slower and more repetitive tone than used in regular conversation.
Colwyn Trevarthen studied babies and their mothers. He observed the communication and subtle movements between the babies and mothers. He has links to music therapy with other theorists.

B. Use with non-infants

The use of baby talk is not limited to interactions between adults and infants, as it may be used among adults, or by adults to animals. In these instances, the outward style of the language may be that of baby talk, but is not considered actual parentese, as it serves a different linguistic function.

How do Children Acquire the Language

No. Children acquire language quickly, easily, and without effort or formal teaching. It happens automatically, whether their parents try to teach them or not.
Although parents or other caretakers don't teach their children to speak, they do perform an important role by talking to their children. Children who are never spoken to will not acquire language. And the language must be used for interaction with the child; for example, a child who regularly hears language on the TV or radio but nowhere else will not learn to talk.

Children acquire language through interaction - not only with their parents and other adults, but also with other children. All normal children who grow up in normal households, surrounded by conversation, will acquire the language that is being used around them. And it is just as easy for a child to acquire two or more languages at the same time, as long as they are regularly interacting with speakers of those languages.

The special way in which many adults speak to small children also helps them to acquire language. Studies show that the 'baby talk' that adults naturally use with infants and toddlers tends to always be just a bit ahead of the level of the child's own language development, as though pulling the child along. This 'baby talk' has simpler vocabulary and sentence structure than adult language, exaggerated intonation and sounds, and lots of repetition and questions. All of these features help the child to sort out the meanings, sounds, and sentence patterns of his or her language.

III. DATA COLLECTING TECHNIQUE

This chapter provides the examples of baby talk that the writer managed to record.

The data was recorded in three times on different situation. The participants in this video are:

1. Jihan . She is 4 years old. ( the subject of baby talk)
2. Nisa . She is Jihan’s older sister.
3. Yuni . She is Jihan’s cousin.
4. Linda . She is Jihan’s cousin.
3.1 VIDEO 1
In the living room
Yuni     : ini apanya? (menunujuk ke gambar)
Jihan     : ikan-ikannya
Yuni     : terus ini apanya donk? (menunujuk ke gambar)
Jihan     : tali-tali
Yuni     : oh…. Bukannya tiang listrik ya… ya…
Jihan     : bukan
Yuni     : bukan untuk jemuran baju
Jihan     : bukan untuk naek kesini…hehe (tertawa)
Yuni     : untuk naek kesini. Terus ini apa donk? (menunujuk ke gambar)
Jihan     : pohon-pohon
Yuni     : pohon-pohon…..ini?
Jihan     : bebek
Yuni     : masa bebek diatas awan?
Nisa     : Ini punya sapa hayooo……???
Jihan     : (diem)
Yuni     : dek, tanya lagi donk….. ini bukan apa matahari? (menunujuk ke gambar)
Jihan     : matahari
Yuni     : ini awan bukan?
Jihan     : awan
Yuni     : oh awan
Linda    : itu apa si?
Yuni     : apa itu dek? Itu apa si dek? Itu apa si? Itu apa tu? ( menujuk kearah TV)
Jihan     : Diego
Yuni     : apa?
Jihan     : Diego….. nanti ada yang minta tolong
Yuni     : ada yang minta tolong…. Minta tolong ngapain?
Jihan     : manjat
Yuni     : ohhh… manjat. Ada bahasa inggrisnya juga gag?
Jihan     : itu kakakya? Yuni     : mana???? Tunjukin geh !!
Jihan     : ini kakaknya
Nisa     : namanya sapa?
Yuni     : namanya?
Nisa     : Alicia
Jihan     : Alicia
Yuni     : oh Alicia….itu apa namany yang dikolam? Itu apa namanya…?
Jihan     : penyu
Yuni     : penyu…penyu laut ya..? hebat katanya dek! Gmn td dia nanya….
  maukah kamu mencari sampah?
Jihan     : sampah itu sampah
Yuni     : oh iya…ya. Terbang dek
Jihan     : ada itu……. Ada itu……
Yuni     : ada apa?? Talinya ya?
Jihan     : (diem)
Yuni     :  itu sampah
Jihan     : sampah
Yuni     : itu apa dek?
Jihan     : (diem)
Yuni     :  itu sampah
Jihan     : sampah
Yuni     : itu satunya yang item?
Jihan     : sampah
Yuni     : bukan, itu batu….. yang itu… tu….
3.2 VIDEO 2:
In the garden
Nisa     : Wo, dia itu punya kucing loh wo…. Itu…tu kucingnya tu…..
Linda    : mana kucingnya? Itu punya jihan ya? Ada berapa kucingnya dek?
Jihan     : 3
Linda    : 3…. Mana???
Jihan     : 1 yang item
Linda    : 1 yang item
Jihan     : 1 yang putih
Linda    : 1 yang putih
Jihan     : 1 yang putih
Linda    : 1 yang putih lagi… jadi ada 3
Jihan     : 3
Linda    : coba itung
Jihan     : (diem)
Linda    : one
Jihan     : one… two…three…four
Linda    : katanya 3… koq four!!?
Nisa     : ( menujukkan angka 1) one…
Jihan     : satu
Nisa     : one… pake bahasa inggris
Jihan     : one…. two….three
All        : Yeeeeeeeeee (tepuk tangan)
Nisa     :  jihan, coba berhitung dr 1- 10 biasa gag jihan?
Jihan     : (maen dengan kucing) emmm…..emmm…emmm
Linda    : coba tunjuk…. Itu apa dek? Disitu apa dek
Jihan     : (maen dengan kucing) emmm…..emmm…emmm
Linda    : Jihan…jihan…jihan coba si … jihan bisa nyanyi gag? Nyanyi
  yok??? Nyanyi apa siy td?
Jihan     : balonku
Linda    : susis….kayak mana? Nyanyinya susis itu lo sule…. Kayak mana si
 lagunya, ngah linda pengen tau loh…
Jihan     : ( nyanyi) susis…. Wo…wo..wo.. susis, suami sinden istri. Susissss….
Linda    : kayak mana lagi dek?
Jihan     : susis…. Wo…wo..wo.. susis, suami sinden istri
Nisa     : Jihan, nyanyi balonku aja coba… gimana?
Linda    : coba gimana?
Nisa     : peh dulu …peh dulu nanti ngambil lagi
Jihan     : ( buang kelengkeng)
Nisa     : cepet nyanyi balonku
Jihan     : (nyanyi) balonku ada lima, rupa-rupa warnanya, hijau,kunig kelabu,
 Merah muda dan biru, meletus balon hijau ….DAAAARRRRRR….
             Hatiku sangat kacau, balonku tinggal empat ku pegang erat-erat.
All        : yeeeeeee….. (tepuk tangan)
Nisa     : nyanyi satu-satu gimana dek?
Jihan     : satu-satu aku sayang ibu, dua-dua aku sayang ayah, tiga-tiga
Linda    : sayang
Jihan     : adek kakak,
Linda dan Jihan : satu dua tiga sayang semuanya…yeeeeee
Jihan     : lariiii….
Linda    : lariiiii….
3.3 VIDEO 3:
In the living room
Yuni     : bubur apa namanya?
Jihan     : bubur sum-sum
Yuni     : bubur sum-sum? Bubur kacang……….
Jihan     : ijo
Nisa     : buto ijo gitu loh
Yuni     : yang buat sapa yang buat?
Jihan     : (diem)
Yuni     : ya dek? yang buat sapa?
Jihan     : ibu sendiri
Yuni     : ibu sendiri. Adeknya gag bantuin adek, gag bantuin?
Jihan     : (diem)
Yuni     : gag bantuin?
Jihan     : ( diem)
Yuni     : adek ini manis gag?
Jihan     : manis
Yuni     : manis…., kalo asin itu kayak gmn siy? Kalo asin pake apa?
Jihan     : pake garem
Yuni     : yeeeeee….hore!!! kalo yang waranya item itu apa? Kopi atau teh?
Jihan     : kopi
Yuni     : kopi…… (tertawa) yeee….. tos dulu donk! Kalo yang warnanya merah?
Jihan     : teh
Yuni     : teh ya…???? Ehmmm. Ini yang putih apa siy dek? Santen ya?
Jihan     : santen
Yuni     : apa namanya santen…. Hmmm pelan-pelan
Jihan     : hmmmm,,, lezat!!
Yuni     : ini apa ini, ini namanya apa dek? (menunjuk hidung)
Jihan     : idung
Yuni     : idung… kalo ini apa siy? Yang make disini-sini?? (menunujuk bibir)
Jihan     : bibir
Yuni     : bibir…. Kalo ini? Aaaa…… (menunjuk alis)
Jihan     : alis
Yuni     : kalo yang ini? Ma….ma (menunjuk mata)
Jihan     : mata
Yuni     : kalo yang disini dek? Disini lo dek?? (menunjuk pipi/ wajah)
Jihan     : bedak
Yuni     : bedak itu ditaro dimana?
Jihan     : muka
Yuni     : dimuka ya (tertawa)….. hehe bukan dipipi ya?
Jihan     : dipipi
Yuni     : ini poni apa rambut? (menunjuk poni)
Jihan     : rambut
Yuni     : oh rambut…bukan poni ya? Bukan ya dek?
Jihan     : (diem)
Nisa     : hmmmm…salah ya
Yuni     : kalo ini apa ini yang dikotek, namanya apa? Kuku bukan?
Jihan     : heeh
Yuni     : heeh
Yuni     : ini warnanya apa siy??? (menunjuk ke celana)
Jihan     : biru
Yuni     : pink donk
Nisa     : ini warna apa bajunya?
Jihan     : putih
Yuni     : warna putih… horeee jihan pinter!!
Jihan     : gatel
Yuni     : gatel ?? oh ya ampunn..
Nisa     : dek, ngah punya poster banyak lagi loh dek…
Yuni     : ini gambar sapa dek? (menunuk ke poster)
Jihan     : Memei
Yuni     : oh Memei.. ya ampun! Kalo yang kecil 2 ini gambar apa ini? (menunuk ke poster) Jihan     : Upin-Ipin
Yuni     : Upin-Ipin….. ya ampun!
Nisa     : ini apa? (menunuk ke poster)
Jihan     : Jarjit
Yuni     : ini apa dek? (menunuk ke poster)
Jihan     : berbie
Yuni     : ohh berbie… suka berbie gag?
Jihan     : suka
Yuni     : suka,, punya berbie gag?
Jihan     : punya…
Yuni     : tapi udah rusak?
Nisa     : itu… tu pak berbie- nya (menujuk kea rah berbie )
Yuni     : oh itu pak berbie nya,, yang beli sapa dek?
Jihan     : ayah sama ngah Rana
Yuni     : ayah sama ngah rana…oh gitu…
Jihan     : tapi aku udah punya kaset berbie loh
Yuni     : ohhh iya tah?
Nisa     : dek, ini sapa ini dek?
Jihan     : jarjit
Nisa     :jarjit sapa?
Jihan     : jarjit singh
Yuni     : kaset berbie apa?
Nisa     : makan dulu…makan dulu…
Jihan     : (makan bubur)
Nisa     : dek, ini yang suka marah-marah sapa ini dek? Hayooooo!! (menunuk ke poster)
Jihan     : kak rose
Nisa dan Yuni   : kak rose
Nisa     : ini sapanya? (menunuk ke poster)
Jihan     : kucingnya
Yuni     : adek suka kucing gag?
Jihan     : suka
Yuni     : kucing adek ada brp?
Jihan     : 3
Yuni     : ada 3?? Ohhhh…… warnanya apa aja?
Jihan     : item,putih,putih
Nisa     : dek ini sapa? (menunuk ke poster)
Jihan     :  Ihsan
Nisa     : sapa ini?
Jihan     : Anto
Nisa     : Anto
Yuni     : ini celana ngah nisa warna apa?
Jihan     : kuning
Yuni     : warna pink donk….apa???
Jihan     : pink
Yuni     : kalo bajunya?
Jihan     : warna putih
Yuni     : warna putih…. Wah jihan pinter ya…sekarang jam berapa dek jihan tau
  enggak?
Jihan     : sore
Yuni     : kalo siang itu jam berapa?
Jihan     : jam 5
Yuni     : ohhhh jam 5 (tertawa)
Nisa     : nyanyi….nyanyi……
Jihan     : (geleng-geleng)
Yuni     : ohhh gag mau
Nisa     : buu mau kepasar bu? Jihan mau ke pasar ya?
Jihan     : (ngangguk-ngangguk)
Nisa     : ini…. Mau kepasar dulu (memberikan dompet)
Yuni     : isi dompetnya ada apa aja siy coba liat? Apa siy gambarnya?
Nisa, Linda, Yuni: woooowwww
Jihan     : (mengeluarkan isi dompet)
Yuni     : apa isinya? Gambar apa? Linda    : sapa yang beli dompetnya?
Nisa     : ni apa?
Jihan     : (diem)
Yuni     : dek, ini gambar apa dek coba liat?
Jihan     : Spongebob
Yuni     : Spongebob…. Namanya Spongebob square?
Jihan     : pack
Nisa     : ini apa? jihan     : Upin-Ipin
Yuni     : makan dulu makan….
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Analisis of the dialog (Baby-talk)
From the dialog above, we can see there are some characteristics that match with characteristics summarized by Pica:
·        It has shorter, more complete sentence. It can be seen in “ini apanya ? ini gambar apa adex jihan??” The first sentence is short sentence, then the second is more complete sentence. It is done in order to make the children easier to understand what he was being said.
·         The syntax is simplified through use of fewer subordinate clauses and coordinate construction. It can be seen from the entire dialog, that Yuni is very often use complex sentence to talk with Jihan.
·        The vocal pitch was higher and its range was wider It can be clearly seen from dialog above. Yuni usually uses more intonation in the each vocal than in conversation with adult.
·        The speaking rate was slower, marked by many pauses between utterances It can be heard from the record, that Yuni’s speaking rate was slower than usual, and he also repeat in order to help Jihan understand what she meant.
·         The articulation was more precise. It can be seen from dialog and record, that Yuni’s articulation is very clear in order to be understood easily by Jihan.
·        Attention to the here and now. It can be seen from the dialog “ini baju ngah nisa warna apa?” Yuni asked Jihan about the color of nisa’s clothes that can be seen by Jihan directly.
·        The use of self reference It can be seen from the dialog “ini poni apa rambut?”. Point at jihan’s hair is self reference.
V. CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis data above, it can be conclude that most of the characteristics summarized by Pica can be found in the dialog. It was done naturally by the adult when speak with a child in order to help the child easier to understand what he mean. So, the characteristic summarized by Pica is definitely true.