SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION (SLA )
MIDDLE SEMESTER TASK
BABY TALK
WIRATHAMA HAZERA PUTRA
0813042053
ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT
LANGUAGE AND ART DEPARTEMENT
EDUCATION AND PEDAGOGY FACULTY
2011
I. INTRODUCTION
Language is a means of communication. Therefore, language is taught to a person since she/he was a baby. In that process, baby’s language development moves from simple to complex, for baby talk contributes to mental development, as it helps teaching the children the basic function and structure of language. Usually, language starts off all recall of simple words without associated meaning. But as children grow, words acquire meaning with connections between words are being formed. As a person gets older, new meaning and new associations are created and vocabulary increases as more words are learned.
Baby talk is referred to as caretaker speech, infant-directed speech (IDS) or child-directed speech (CDS) and informally as "motherese", "parentese", or "mommy talk", is a non-standard form of speech used by adults in talking to infants, babies and toddlers. It is usually delivered with a "cooing" pattern of intonation different from that of normal adult speech: high in pitch, with many glissando variations that are more pronounced than those of normal speech. Besides that, baby talk is also characterized by the shortening and simplifying of words.
Language which is learnt at the first time is called as the first language, native language or mother tongue. The distinction between language learning and language acquisition is language learning is defined as knowing the rules, having a conscious knowledge about grammar. In the other hand, the term of language acquisition refers to a process of a development of ability in a language by using “I” in natural, communicative situation. In the baby acquiring process, the babies acquire their first language without conscious instruction from parents or caretakers. Although how babies speak is not perfectly understood, most explanations involve both the observation that babies copy what they hear and the inference that human beings have a natural aptitude for understanding grammar. While babies usually learn the sounds and vocabulary of their native language through imitation, grammar is seldom taught to them explicitly; that they nonetheless rapidly acquire the ability to speak grammatically supports the theory advanced by Noam Chomsky and other proponents of transformational grammar.
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Baby talk is more effective than regular speech in getting an infant's attention. Studies have shown that infants actually prefer to listen to this type of speech. Some researchers, including Rima Shore
Other researchers from Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Wisconsin
Based on Pica, the characteristics of baby talk are summarized below:
- It has shorter, more complete sentence.
- The syntax is simplified through use of fewer subordinate clauses and coordinates construction.
- The vocal pitch was higher and its range was wider.
- The speaking rate was slower, marked by many pauses between utterances
- The articulation was more precise.
- Attention to the here and now.
- The use of self reference.
Based on the theories above, this research is proposed in order to identify how adults communicate with a baby by using baby talk.
III. DATA COLLECTING TECHNIQUE
The data in the form of video was recorded on Saturday, April 15th, 2011. The baby’s name is Olivia Putri Yunika whose nickname is Putri. She is a first daughter of a married couple Muhammad Khadaffi Hamamy and Yanti Yuniarti. She is 2 years old. This video was recorded in my grandpa’s house when Putri was playing with her stuffs. The transcript from that video is below:
Yanti : “Adek tadi dari makan ya?”
Putri : “eee…”
Yanti : “Trus makannya makan apa?... Makan apa? Makan ayam ya?
Trus ada adek bayi ya? Di mana adek bayinya? Adek bayinya ke’ mana? Ada
Wira : “Ke’ mana, ceritain?”
Yanti : “Adek bayinya tadi kenapa? Nangis ya, ke’ mana?”
Wira : “Ke’ mana nangisnya?”
Putri : “huu… huu… huu…”
Yanti : “Dedeknya nangis, gitu? Trus adek beli apa ini? Beli pensil ya?”
Wira : “Tu pensilnya bagus ya.”
Yanti : “Beli apa, Dek? Beli pensil ya?”
Wira : “Coba gambar itu, itu gambar apa itu?”
Yanti : “Ini gambar Winnie The Pooh, Bang, gitu.”
Wira : “Gambar apa itu?”
Putri : “Puh… puuh…”
Yanti : “Winnie The Pooh, adek juga beli buku ya? Adek beli apa
kemaren, Dek? Beli buku ya?”
Putri : “Ayah ama ayah?”
Yanti : “Ha?”
Putri : “Ayah?”
Yanti : “Punya ayah? Gak ada, ayahnya lagi shalat.”
Wira : “Abang ambil ya?”
Putri : “Angan.”
Wira : “Ya?”
Putri : “Angan.”
Wira : “Punya siapa itu?”
Putri : “Nya ade’.”
Wira : “Adek siapa?”
Putri : “Ade’ nti.”
Wira : “Adek siapa?”
Putri : “Ade’.”
Wira : “Adek siapa?”
Putri : “Em.”
Wira : “Ini siapa ini?”
Putri : “Aban.”
Wira : “Ini?”
Putri : “Mbu.”
Wira : “Ha?”
Putri : “Mbu.”
Wira : “I…. ibu. Ini.. ini punya abang ya?”
Putri : “Nya ade’.”
Wira : “Ha, punya siapa?”
Putri : “Unya ade’… aja.”
Wira : “Ini punya siapa kelirnya?”
Putri : “Nya ade’.”
Wira : “Masa punya adek semua?”
Yanti : “Punya adek, ya?”
Wira : “Punya abang ya?”
Putri : “Punya ade’ nti.”
Wira : “Punya adek siapa? Adek pu… adek Putri.”
Putri : “Yacuta.”
Wira : “Udah?”
Putri : “Iya.”
Wira : “Kok dimasukin?”
Putri : “Ium.”
Wira : “Cium? Ke’ mana cium?”
Yanti : “Belum.”
Wira : “Belum?”
Putri : “Iya.”
Yanti : “Adek beresin ya?”
Wira : “Adek apain?
Yanti : “Adek beresin Bang, ya? Adek apain, Dek?”
Putri : “Atot.”
Wira : “Ha? Ini namanya apa ini?”
Putri : “Elis
Wira : “Apa?”
Putri : “Lis nda.”
Wira : “Pensil?”
Putri : “Ee…”
Wira : “Pensil siapa?”
Putri : “Adek.”
Wira : “Pensil ini pensil abang ya? nya’ adek semua masa, yok gambar
yok, gambar yok?”
Putri : “Dah.”
Wira : “Udah?”
Putri : “Ha.”
Wira : “Udah, biar abang aja ya ya ya ya.. ya..? Buat abang ya?”
Putri : “Angan.”
Wira : “Gambar di sini, gambar apa ini? Gambar apa ini? Yok gambar
yok? Gambar ya?”
Putri : “Dah, anan.”
Wira : “Kok jangan? Kenapa jangan?”
Yanti : “Dek ni, gambar siapa, Dek? Ini gambar apa, Dek?”
Putri : “E”
Yanti : “Ha? Gambar apa, Dek?
Putri : “Ai”
Wira : “Waduh.”
Yanti : “Gambar apa Dek, ini Dek?
Putri : “Aghhh…”
Yanti : “Nyangkut tu nyangkut to.”
Wira : “Nyangkut itu.”
Yanti : “Udah.”
Putri : “Dah.”
Yanti : “Ini motor siapa, Dek?”
Putri : “Nah.”
Wira : “Motor ayah.”
Yanti : “Kecil sih suaranya.”
Putri : “Nah.”
Wira : “Nah… Kenapa?”
Yanti : “Masuk, itung Dek, satu…”
Wira : “Itung itung, satu…”
Putri : “Ua.”
Yanti : “Tiga.”
Putri : “Hehehe…”
Yanti : “Tiga.”
Putri : “Iya… bapa ini ya… sepuluh…”
Wira : “Berapa? Sepuluh?”
Putri : “Lapan.”
Wira : “Lapan, trus?”
Yanti : “Itu dulu geh.”
Putri : “Ini.”
Yanti : “Dah, udah belum?”
Putri : “Dah, udah.”
Wira : “Ini belum, punya abang ini ya?”
Putri : “Nah.”
Wira : “Punya abang lah.”
Putri : “Unya ayah, ini.”
Wira : “Punya abang ya?”
Putri : “Unya ade’.”
Wira : “Ish, punya adek semua masa? Ini siapa ini?”
Putri : “Aban.”
Wira : “Ini?”
Putri : “Ho’.”
Yanti : “Mau taro’ di mana?”
Wira : “Taro’ mana itu?”
Yanti : “Ha?”
Putri : “Aje ni.”
Wira : “Mana?”
Putri : “Iamar.”
Wira : “Kamar?”
Putri : “E.”
Wira : “Yo’, yo’, yo’. Walah, kok dilempar? Kenapa dilempar? Ini
kamar siapa ini?”
Putri : “Amar ade’.”
Wira : “Buat abang ya? Ya?”
Yanti : “Tu gambar tu, lumba-lumbanya mana lumba-lumba? Tunjukin
ama abang lumba-lumba mana?”
Putri : “Ini.”
Wira : “Ini apa ini namanya?”
Putri : “Mba.”
Wira : “Ini?”
Putri : “Awat.”
Wira : “Pesawat, ini? Ini?”
Putri : “Ini.”
Wira : “Siapa namanya?
Putri : “Awas.”
Wira : “Aduh jatoh. Tu.. tu.. tu... ini apa ini, ini apa ini? Ini apa tadi
namanya?”
Putri : “Mba.”
Wira : “Ini apa, ini siapa ini? Naek ya, naek? Bisa naek gak? Ini
namanya siapa ini?
Putri : “Amanya.”
Wira : “Ee... namanya siapa namanya?”
Putri : “Eni?”
Wira : “Ee, siapa namanya? Ha?”
Putri : “Aes.”
Wira : “Siapa namanya?”
Putri : “Aes.”
Wira : “Males? Males? Yo’, sana
Putri : “U… naiki.”
Yanti : “Ambil itu aja bebek, Dek naek bebek. Sana
abang sana
Wira : “Yo’, naek bebekan yo’?
Yanti : “Mana bebeknya, tunjukin sama abang sana
Wira : “ Siapa itu yang lagi makan?”
Putri : “Mam.”
Wira : “Siapa yang lagi makan?”
Putri : “Ban.”
Wira : “Ha?”
Putri : “Aban.”
Wira : “Makan apa?”
Putri : “emi.”
Wira : “Makan mi?”
Putri : “E.”
Wira : “Mau gak dede’ Putri?
Putri : “Mau.”
Wira : “Mau?”
Putri : “E.”
Wira : “Tapi pedes, hah? Hah gak?”
Yanti : “Ke’ mana Dek, pedes Dek?”
Wira : “Ke’ mana pedesnya, ke’ mana pedesnya? Coba pedesnya?”
Yanti : “Pedes ke’ mana pedes?”
Putri : “Ama?”
Wira : “Makan apa Bang, gitu bilang? Makan apa, Bang? Ya? Makan
apa, Bang beuh e, makan apa itu?”
Yanti : “Dek, ayo Dek, ama abang, Dek.”
Wira : “Ye emi, hihi. Minta, Bang gitu, minta?”
Putri : “Nta?”
Yanti : “Heh.”
Wira : “Minta?”
Putri : “Ta?”
Wira : “Minta, gitu?”
Putri : “Minta…?”
Wira : “Minta Bang, gitu.”
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
It is true that when the adults talk to a baby, they automatically use different kinds of language variation which is called by baby talk. The adults modify their way of speaking when they are talking to the baby. It is universal, for every adult in the world will do the same to their own baby. From the conversation in the transcript in chapter III, it can be analyzed the input modification of the adult speaker (Wira and Yanti) that is used to simplify the language in order to be easily comprehended by the baby, Putri. Modification by the speaker occurs at the level of linguistic and interaction. There are three kinds of modification that are used in this research. Some of the characteristics of how the adults, Wira and Yanti, talk to a baby, Putri; are:
1. Modification in speech rate, intonation and speech sound articulation.
It means that the adults try to simplify the language in speech rate, intonation and speech sound articulation in order to build well communication with the baby.
From the video, it can be seen that the adults use slow speech rate, low intonation and clear articulation, for example when Wira said, “Punya adek siapa? Adek pu… adek Putri.” Those all are done in order to make the baby, Putri, easy to catch the idea of what the adults talk about.
From the video, it can be seen that the adults use slow speech rate, low intonation and clear articulation, for example when Wira said, “Punya adek siapa? Adek pu… adek Putri.” Those all are done in order to make the baby, Putri, easy to catch the idea of what the adults talk about.
2. Modification of morphology and syntax.
This modification of language simplifies the sentences in the part of word formation. From the video, it can be seen that the adults try to form simple construction of words that will be easy to understand by Putri, to catch the meaning of the conversation, for example when Wira said, “Ke’ mana, ceritain?”, which can be said fully, “Bagaimana Putri melihat adek bayi tadi? Coba ceritakan?”
3. Modification in vocabulary.
It means that the adults use the familiar vocabulary to communicate with the baby. From the video, it can be seen that the adults use a simple word that has been simplified by removing some letter from the word, for example when Wira said, “Taro’ mana itu?”, which should be said “Mau diletakkan di mana itu?”
In terms of more interact ional perspective mother speech, there are some following features:
- Mother’s repetition of their own words and those of their children, for example when Yanti said: “Dek ni, gambar siapa, Dek? Ini gambar apa, Dek?” She did that in order to make Putri understand what she was saying easily.
- Sometimes mother expanded what their children said by using additional commentary or adding grammatical inflection, for example when Putri answered what Wira asked by saying, “Puh… puuh…”, then Yanti repeated completely by saying, “Winnie The Pooh”.
Besides that, based on Pica, the characteristics of baby talk are summarized below:
- It has shorter, more complete sentence, for example when Wira said, “Ke’ mana nangisnya?”, which should be said fully, “Bagaimana adek yang Putri lihat menangis?” Wira did that in order to make the sentence easier to be understood by Putri.
- The syntax is simplified through use of fewer subordinate clauses and coordinates construction. It can be seen from the transcript in chapter III, that Wira was very often use complex sentence to talk with Putri, for example when Wira said, “Kok dimasukin?”, which only consists of passive verb, “dimasukkin”, and should be syntactically said, “Kenapa kelirnya dimasukkin ke dalam kotak?”, which has more systematic orderly arrangement.
- The vocal pitch was higher and its range was wider. It can be clearly heard from the video that Wira usually used more intonation in the each vocal than in conversation with adult, for example: “Abang ambil ya?”, which was said in rising intonation at the end of the sentence.
- The speaking rate was slower, marked by many pauses between utterances. It can be heard from the video that Wira’s speaking rate was slower than usual, and he also repeated in order to help Putri understand what he meant, for example: “Itung itung, satu…”.
- The articulation was more precise. It can be heard from the video that Wira’s articulation was very clear in order to be easily understood by Putri, for example: “Ini punya siapa kelirnya?”
- Attention to the here and now. It can be seen from the video when Wira said, “Gambar apa itu?” Wira asked Putri about the picture of her crayon cover that could be seen by Putri directly.
- The use of self reference. It can be seen from the video when Wira asked Putri, “Adek siapa?”. Then Putri answered, “Ade’ nti.”, which refers to herself reference.
Based on the analysis above, it can be concluded that in interacting with a baby (in this case two years old), adults use short and simple terms to communicate with a baby, Putri, in order to make her understand easily. The adults also should get the baby attention when they want to talk with her. Besides that, the adults can encourage the baby to talk by asking open-ended questions, which require more than “yes” or “no” answers. The last the adults have to use input modification & some characteristics which have been explained above, which is about 90 % of the characteristics summarized by Pica can be found in the transcript and video. It was done naturally by the adults, Wira and Yanti, when speak with a baby, Putri, in order to help her easier to understand what they mean.
that's my first research analysis task in my life... Therefore, give me some suggestions if there are some mistakes.. Thanks...
BalasHapus